鲢鱼对淡水浮游植物的抑制作用研究

为分析滤食性鲢鱼对浮游植物的控制作用,分别在室内(30L水箱)和室外(2m×2m×1.5m试验池)对鲢鱼的滤食作用进行了试验研究。结果表明,鲢鱼对蓝藻和桡足类浮游动物均具有一定的抑制作用;室内27～35g.m-3,室外50g.m-3的鲢鱼投放密度使蓝藻在浮游植物中所占比例明显下降;鲢鱼对浮游植物的摄食率随藻类密度增大而升高。投放鲢鱼是控制富营养化水体中蓝藻水华的有效措施之一。     

库滨带营养物质释放与净化截流作用规律研究

在水库库滨地带进行了营养物质释放与截流净化作用规律的试验研究,结果表明:在上方来水的条件下,农田表现为营养物质的释放,且输出的总氮和总磷的浓度处一种相对稳定的状态,近一步说明农田是水库水体的重要的非点源污染源;近水端的湿生草本带也表现为营养物质的释放;乔灌草带对总磷的去除效果较明显,但对总氮则表现为释放。当原水总磷浓度为1.6mg.L-1时,乔灌草带对总磷的去除率为4.21%;挺水植物带对总氮和总磷都有净化作用,去除率为2.51%,总氮的去除率为6.48%。     

平原水网水体富营养化的限制因子研究

研究了光照、温度、营养(N,P)对平原水网水体藻类生长的影响.结果表明:在1 000～5 000 lx光强范围内,藻类的生长数量随光强的增加而呈对数关系增加,4 000 lx是最适宜的培养光照.在15～30 ℃区间内,藻类的生长数量也随着温度升高而增加,30 ℃是较适宜的温度.且温度的影响大于光照.水中T-P在0.1～0.75 mg/L范围内,随T-P浓度的提高,藻类数量呈对数关系增加,而水中T-N 浓度的变化对藻类生长的影响不是很明显.当水中T-P>0.5 mg/L、T-N>1.0 mg/L时,就能满足藻类大量增殖的需要,其中磷对藻类的影响大于氮.     

Linking plant identity and interspecific competition to soil nitrogen cycling through ammonia oxidizer communities

Both plants and microbes influence soil nutrient cycling. However, the links between plants, microbes and nutrient cycling are poorly understood. In this study, we investigated how plant identity and interspecific competition influence soil nitrogen cycling and attempted to link plant identity and interspecific competition to community structures of bacterial and archaeal ammonia oxidizers based on terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis (T-RFLP) of bacterial and archaeal ammonia monooxygenase (amoA) genes. Faba bean and maize monocultures and a faba bean/maize mixture were planted with two nitrogen levels (0 and 100 mg N kg⁻¹ soil as urea). Soil mineral nitrogen, ammonia oxidizer function (potential nitrification activity, PNA) and community structures were measured 28 and 54 days after plant emergence. Faba bean and maize substantially differed in their influences on mineral nitrogen concentrations and PNA in rhizosphere soils. Soil mineral nitrogen and PNA in the rhizosphere soils of the faba bean/maize mixture were closer to those of the maize monoculture than to those of the faba bean monoculture. T-RFLP with restriction enzymes BsaJI and Hpy8I distinguished variations in bacterial and archaeal ammonia oxidizers community structure, respectively, and detected both between-cluster and within-cluster variations in bacterial ammonia oxidizers. T-RFLP data showed that nitrogen addition favored part of a Nitrosospira cluster 3b sequence type and suppressed part of a cluster Nitrosospira 3a sequence type of bacterial ammonia oxidizers, while it had no influence on the archaeal ammonia oxidizer community structure. Although multivariate analysis showed that the function and community structure of bacterial ammonia oxidizers were significantly correlated, plant species and interspecific competition did not significantly change the community structure of bacterial and archaeal ammonia oxidizers. These results indicate that plant species and interspecific competition regulate soil nitrogen cycling via a mechanism of other than alteration in the community structure of ammonia oxidizers as investigated by DNA based methods.     

宣城市“十二五”林业经济发展研究

本文从宣城市林业经济现状及特点出发,具体分析了全市林业发展面临的深层次矛盾和问题、发展的潜力及十二五的发展方向和重点,提出如下解决措施:一是科学制定指标体系;二是构建大林业格局;三是加快推进林权流转;四是实施林业产业化经营等等。     

基于模糊模式识别理论的富营养化评价模型及应用

依据水体富营养化及其程度属于模糊概念这一客观实际,基于模糊模式识别理论,以叶绿素a、总磷、总氮、透明度和高锰酸盐指数作为评价指标,尝试建立富营养化评价的模糊模式识别模型。并以南方某大型水库为例,按年、汛期和非汛期3个阶段开展了富营养化评价研究。评价结果表明2005-2008年年均富营养化特征值分别为2.829 0、2.717 7、2.844 9、2.535 4,汛期分别为2.913 8、2.731 4、2.971 7、2.444 7,非汛期分别为2.748 3、2.712 5、2.713 8、2.648 8。可见该水库正处于由中营养向富营养过渡阶段,实例同时也表明该方法用于水体富营养化评价是合理、可行的。     

Growth characteristic and sink strength of fruit at different CO2 concentrations in a Japanese and a Dutch tomato cultivar

The aim of the present study was to elucidate how fruit growth was limited by the source and sink capacities in a Japanese (‘Momotaro York’) and a Dutch (‘Dundee’) tomato cultivar. The two cultivars were grown hydroponically with a high-wire system in greenhouses for 25 weeks, and the growth characteristics and sink strength of fruit were determined. Fruits were pruned to four (4F) or one (1F) per truss. The latter were used to determine potential fruit growth, an indicator of fruit sink strength. Growth was also determined under normal (LC) and enriched (HC, 700 μmol mol⁻¹) CO₂ concentrations to examine the effect of source enhancement on fruit production. In both cultivars under normal CO₂, the growth rate of fruit pruned to 4F per truss was lower than that in 1F, indicating that maximum potential fruit growth was not achieved. Under HC conditions, fruit growth rate of ‘Dundee’ achieved in 4F trusses was lower than that in 1F. In ‘Momotaro York’ in HC, fruit growth in 4F trusses was close to potential. This implies that fruit growth was source-limited irrespective of CO₂ concentrations in ‘Dundee’ cultivar while fruit growth in ‘Momotaro York’ under normal and enriched CO₂ conditions was limited by source and sink strengths, respectively. Adjustments of cultural practices including increasing fruit number per truss and/or genetic approaches to enhancing fruit sink strength by breeding may improve fruit yields of Japanese cultivars under high source/sink conditions.     

作物产量潜力极限研究

应用模型模拟方法研究近5 0年来主要作物产量演变趋势结果表明,作物长期进化过程中产量演变遵循S曲线增长规律,目前主要作物产量处于S曲线驻点(最快增长值点)左右,种植效益已开始下降,进一步提高产量日益困难,作物产量将不断接近其极限,多数作物未来产量潜力极限约为目前产量的2～3倍。提高作物产量潜力途径主要包括加强农田水利建设、提高作物育种手段、强化作物栽培措施、优化投入和改善作物生长的大环境等     

泥石流滩地土地生产潜力评价——以云南小江流域蒋家沟为例

小江流域泥石流滩地水源充足、热量丰富,气候生产潜力(47641kghm-2)较高。本文应用加权指数和法确定了不同类型泥石流滩地(荒滩地、改良滩地和非改良滩地)土壤有效系数f(s)分别为0.405、0.684和0.594;根据生产力阶乘公式计算其气候—土壤生产潜力分别为19295kghm-2、32586kghm-2和28299kghm-2。通过实地调查验证,本文对泥石流滩地生产潜力的估算与现实生产力水平基本吻合,证明本文提出的泥石流滩地土壤有效系数切实可行。